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The Influence of Religious Factors
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France – The Wars of Religion, 1562-98
In this course, Professor Penny Roberts (University of Warwick) explores the French Wars of Religion (1562-98). The course begins by exploring the interplay of religion and politics in the period, and thinking about the extent to which the French Wars of Religion were really about religion at all, as opposed to other, underlying tensions. After that, we turn to the French monarchy which some historians have seen as undergoing a collapse of authority in this period. In the third module, we turn our focus to one of the most important individuals of the period, Catherine de Medici, before considering the role of religious violence and political assassinations in the fourth and fifth modules. In the final module, we think about the peace-making efforts of the period, focusing in particular on the Edict of Nantes, which was signed in 1598.
The Influence of Religious Factors
In this module, we think about the extent to which the French Wars of Religion were really about religion at all, as opposed to being a pretext for pre-existing political or social tensions.
Hello,
00:00:03My name's Penny Roberts and I'm professor of early
00:00:03modern European history at the University of Warrick.
00:00:05And today I'm going to be talking to you about the French wars of religion.
00:00:08The French wars of religion is often seen as a very confusing mass of dates,
00:00:12massacres,
00:00:16battles and seen really is a rather confusing extension of the Reformation period.
00:00:18So what I'm going to do is to look at it thematically
00:00:25and look at some of the debates which have arisen about the wars and hopefully,
00:00:28therefore give you some ideas about what they were really all about.
00:00:32I want to begin with the question of religion because, surprisingly enough,
00:00:36perhaps historians have debated quite a lot about whether
00:00:42religion was a really important factor during the wars.
00:00:45Even at the time,
00:00:48there was some debate about whether religion was
00:00:49being used by those who were on either side
00:00:52of the wars.
00:00:55The wars themselves grew out of the French Reformation,
00:00:56which was an extension of the wider European Reformation.
00:00:59So it was principally about a struggle between Catholics
00:01:02and Protestants who in France were known as Hugo knows
00:01:07for, um,
00:01:11supremacy, really within the French state within the French kingdom,
00:01:13and much of it was a struggle for influence over the monarchy.
00:01:17And
00:01:22thus historians have often thought of the French
00:01:23wars of religion as being very much dominated by
00:01:26political factors and the struggle particularly between noble factions
00:01:28on either side for dominance of the monarchy.
00:01:32So in many ways,
00:01:34in many ways,
00:01:36historians have seen the wars of religion as about
00:01:37this struggle between nobles and nobles using religion,
00:01:41therefore, as a kind of cynical cloak for the pursuit of their own personal gain in
00:01:44influencing the monarchy,
00:01:50a French monarchy which at the time was weakened by
00:01:52the fact that there were a series of very young kings on
00:01:56the throne who were subject to the influence of noble faction.
00:01:58So that was one of the major debates around the wars.
00:02:03Is this dominance of politics rather than religion?
00:02:06Also,
00:02:09socioeconomic factors were brought into account so that there was something of
00:02:10a sort of struggle between the different social orders in France around
00:02:14the wars of religion
00:02:18and actually the kind of civil wars that ensued
00:02:19were therefore about very different sorts of factors.
00:02:21But if we think actually about what politics and religion look like
00:02:24in the 16th century.
00:02:28It's fair to say that it's very difficult to
00:02:30separate them out in the way that we would do
00:02:32in the modern day,
00:02:34and contemporaries would hardly understand our efforts
00:02:35to try and separate out the political
00:02:38and religious factors.
00:02:40Another way to look at it is to focus not so much.
00:02:43And this is something that historians have done
00:02:46for several decades now. Not to focus so much on the high politics, on the politics
00:02:48that are dominated by
00:02:54the crown and by the nobility but by looking
00:02:56actually at the popular level of the French Reformation.
00:03:00And it's much harder to explain the influence of
00:03:03political and socioeconomic factors
00:03:07and what people have to gain from embracing
00:03:10the Reformation.
00:03:13Embracing Protestantism in France, which was principally a Catholic country, Uh,
00:03:14if you look at the popular level.
00:03:18So one of the ways in which historians have also
00:03:20reframe their thinking about the religious wars is
00:03:23to look at the levels of popular violence
00:03:26and also the dominance of
00:03:31the urban communities where much of the conflict was actually played out,
00:03:34and to look at the popular support on either side and tried to explain that,
00:03:39And without religious factors,
00:03:44it's really hard to explain why people would have embraced Protestantism
00:03:46at all when they were subject to quite severe persecution.
00:03:50Another way that historians have reassessed the wars in religious terms is
00:03:54to move away from thinking about religion purely in terms of theology
00:03:58and doctrine.
00:04:01Um, so there's this concept, actually,
00:04:03that we need to think about religion as a social bond.
00:04:06Um, so actually, how religion influences community,
00:04:10that the Catholic community were most offended by the
00:04:14Protestants because they separated themselves off from the Catholic community
00:04:17and the Protestants themselves were bonded into a social community.
00:04:22So we have to think about religion as a social force as much as a theological one,
00:04:25and that allows us to think about how the kinds of
00:04:32sensitivities around community actually divided people
00:04:36during the French religious wars.
00:04:39Another of the religious debates
00:04:42surrounds the influence of Calvinism on the French Reformation.
00:04:44You may be aware if you're studying the Reformation,
00:04:48that there were several movements within the Reformation itself,
00:04:51and Calvinism is a mainstream movement of what's seen as a second generation,
00:04:54actually consolidating what had come before it really from the 15 fifties onwards.
00:05:00Calvinism was particularly influential
00:05:06in France partly because John Calvin himself, who was based in Geneva,
00:05:09the leader of the movement,
00:05:13and those ministers around him were themselves
00:05:14all exiles from the French Reformation.
00:05:16So we have to see the Geneva Reformation as it's called,
00:05:19which is dominated by Calvinism as being the French reform church in exile,
00:05:23Calvin and the leadership.
00:05:27We're focusing therefore many of their efforts on France.
00:05:29However,
00:05:32historians have debated whether this was a top down
00:05:33imposition by the Calvinist church or whether in fact,
00:05:36this was a response, as it seems to have been
00:05:39to popular demand for greater input from
00:05:41properly trained ministers who were trained
00:05:45in Geneva for the
00:05:47cause of the French Reformation.
00:05:49And there were certainly some tensions between the
00:05:51Calvinist church and the French Reform Church.
00:05:53As indeed,
00:05:56there were tensions between the Papacy and
00:05:57the traditionally fairly independent French Catholic church.
00:06:01There's a great sense of kind of French national pride in a sense of feeling that they
00:06:05should set up their own independent churches and
00:06:10that feeds through in the Reformation as well.
00:06:13So many debates between
00:06:15the Calvinist church based in Geneva and the French
00:06:19reform churches in France about how they should proceed.
00:06:22And one of those debates as well is around the
00:06:27level of persecution which the French Protestants have to face,
00:06:29which, if you're
00:06:33in Geneva, as John Calvin was
00:06:34and was very critical of those for sort of hiding away their religion.
00:06:36Um,
00:06:41but people felt that they should have the right of resistance as well to the crown,
00:06:42which again was something that Calvin was perhaps a bit less comfortable about.
00:06:45There was some tension also between the Calvinist church in Geneva
00:06:49and the French Reform Church led by the French Protestant nobility.
00:06:53
Cite this Lecture
APA style
Roberts, P. (2018, August 15). France – The Wars of Religion, 1562-98 - The Influence of Religious Factors [Video]. MASSOLIT. https://massolit.io/courses/the-french-wars-of-religion-1562-98/catherine-de-medici-and-the-black-legend
MLA style
Roberts, P. "France – The Wars of Religion, 1562-98 – The Influence of Religious Factors." MASSOLIT, uploaded by MASSOLIT, 15 Aug 2018, https://massolit.io/courses/the-french-wars-of-religion-1562-98/catherine-de-medici-and-the-black-legend