Representing Organic Compounds - 7.1.1

Hi. My name is Doctor

Zidan.

I'm a senior lecturer

at the University of Chester.

I'm also the programme lead for the

chemistry programme here at University of Chester.

And my main speciality is organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry.

I'm here going to talk to you about, um, organic chemistry, content for GCC.

And we will focus mainly on hydrocarbons alcohols and carbolic

acids.

So organic compounds are compounds that you can find in all organic, uh,

in all living organisms.

Uh, they contain mainly carbon.

And, uh, we don't only find them in, uh, living organisms or living, uh, things.

But we also find them,

uh, in geological, um, and artificial by geological and artificial processes.

So, uh, what are hydrocarbons?

So from the name hydrocarbons means they are

compound that contain only carbon and hydrogen,

and they are there are wide variety of hydrocarbons.

Uh, some of them are street chains. Some of them are branch chains.

There are so many and white, uh, uses of hydrocarbon.

So the one we are all and know are being used as fuel.

So the fuel you use in your car is actually hydrocarbons,

and the one that we use at home.

Also, Hydrocarbons. Um, also you are familiar with the plastics you use.

These are also come from hydrocarbon. They are polymers made from hydrocarbons.

So what are hydrocarbons and what the different classes of hydrocarbons.

So there are two main classes of hydrocarbons. There are the alpha

hydrocarbons. And this these are the ones we are going to focus on for this,

um, module. And there are also the aromatic ones.

So the, um the aromatic ones, the main, um, the, um

compound of the A

one is the

so the

If you ever been familiar with you usually find find this type of

drink and food preservatives, but we're not going to talk about this.

Uh, the one we will focus on are the alpha

hydrocarbons. So there are alpha

hydrocarbons. We have two main classes coming from the alpha

hydrocarbons. The first one are the saturated hydrocarbons.

And this the the saturated hydrocarbons are the ALCA.

When we say, say saturated, it's more. Try to remember this.

It's saturated with hydrogen,

so there is no double bonds at all. It's all, um, single bonds.

So these are the This is the saturated hydrocarbon

and the second class of the Alpha

one is the unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The word unsaturated comes from the fact that they have double bonds.

So they have the sigma and the Pi bond.

So there are double bonds, so they are not fully saturated

is hydrogen.

So these are called the unsaturated hydrocarbon.

The one we are going to cover from the unsaturated hydrocarbons are the

so aliphatic hydrocarbons. Again, we have the

SS.

And the 3rd 3rd class is Alkins, which we don't actually need to cover the Alkins.

But this is just for your knowledge. So Alkins

are the saturated one alkin they have double bond Alkins

have triple bond.

So, um, how can we distinguish between these three? How do we normal? Name them.

So for nomenclature, we usually use a prefix and suffix,

so the prefix refers to the number of carbon atoms in your chain.

And we're going to discuss that in more details

in a bit.

And the

effects refer to whether it's

Alcaine

al

or Alka.

So, um, for Alcaine,

the suffix will be a NANE for

alkin.

It's gonna be ENE

and for alkin,

it's gonna be IYNE,

and the prefix is going to be the same for all of them,

depending on the number of carbon atoms.

So ALCA

are the saturated hydrocarbons. They only contain single bonds. As we say,

rule of thumb that you need to always remember

that carbon can make maximum of four points.

So this is the thing that you have to always remember.

The maximum and only number of bonds that a carbon can make are four points.

And we're gonna use this rule when we draw the, uh, different structures from,

um, uh, organic for organic compounds, including the Alkins.

So before we start drawing and learning how to draw the different structures of all,

we need to know how to represent different organic compounds.

So the first, um, representation is the empirical formula.

So empirical formula is basically this simplest whole number

ratio of all the elements within a compound.

So if you have a compound that has two carbons four hydrogen so C two H for the emir

formula will be CH two,

which represents the lowest

ratio.

And then there is the molecular formula,

which is the more important one because molecular formula gives

you exactly how many atoms of each element within your compound

So if the compound has two carbon four hydrogen,

it's going to be C two H four. This is your molecular formula

and then the general formula.

The general formula is, um,

what we use to represent a whole series of compounds for the same series.

So, um, it gives you exactly the ratio between the different elements within

in the compound.

So if you have, uh, for example, we have for

a general formula is CNH two N plus two,

which means if you have a certain number of carbons,

number of hydrogen will be double this number of carbons plus two.

And then there is the structure formula structure formula is the formula when

which shows the arrangements of the atoms within the molecule.

So if you have a compound like 18,

which is C

two C

two, that will show you how the arrangement of the different

in the molecule

and then the displayed formula displayed formula, the detailed formula,

which shows you all the bonds, all the atom, so you have to represent all the atoms,

all the bonds within your molecule.

So these are the main types of representation of organic compounds