Hello. My name is Doctor.

Acanubia University of Nottingham.

So I'm going to be talking about apartheid, what it is,

how it functioned, and how that system came to an end.

So the term apartheid is not an English word, It's an

Afrikaana word coming from the Afrikaana people.

These were people coming from what is now the Netherlands and

arriving in the the continent of Africa.

Some say middle part of the seventeenth century,

some say slightly later.

So the term means to separate or to keep apart,

because the term was used to refer to a system of laws,

regulations, customs, principles, ideas, ideologies

underpinned, for example, most strikingly,

by the national party, which was a political party in South

Africa, and then brought into effect through legislation,

from nineteen forty eight onwards.

Now when we talk about apartheid or think about it,

often people have this idea that those laws,

those will those regulations are an anathema that they came

from they nowhere and that they disappeared sort of rapidly.

So after Nelson Mandela became, you know,

the first president of a reformed, you know,

South Africa.

I think it's important for us to understand

where these cause ideas and the ideology that that that gave

birth to it came from, where did they come from?

You know, how will they share eight.

And, strikingly, how did a system of governance

come into effect in the continent of Africa that deny

Afacans, the vast majority of the population,

from having any rights within the country of their birth and

the country of their origin.

The system of apartheid didn't just come from nowhere,

in nineteen forty eight.

It is part of a continuum of ideologies based on

principles of race.

Race is a pseudo scientific,

political, cultural,

ideological position often are pinned by theology that states

that there are separate racial categories,

of the human family and that some may argue even that human

beings are not one species,

but several different distinct species,

determine by their racial origin.

This idea is an relatively, old idea, but not an ancient idea.

Certainly ethnography,

all the differences between people has been around since

the human family has been around.

But the concept of race being immutable, and the idea of

people belonging to distinct racial groups is a relatively

modern idea, especially if that idea is backed up by science.

Most in most people would tend to say that these concepts

developed as a result of people like Carlenaius or Johan

Frederick Rubin Back,

who conjured up the notion of distinct racial categories.

This is very much and very important in our understanding

of why the system of apartheid came into effect and what

underpinned it, in other words,

the science of race

underpinned the notion of apartheid applied in South

Africa.

So the system of apartheid in

South Africa came into effect through laws,

through a party called the national party.

This was a white only party that rose to prominence in

power in the middle part of the twentieth century in a place

called South Africa.

South Africa is a name given to the portion of the

British empire.

That occupy the land in the southernmost part of the

continent of Africa.

And we have to remember, in fact,

and be reminded that we are talking about the continent of

Africa here, and we are talking about rules, laws, and regulations.

That kept the majority of that African population away from,

for example, from being able to vote.

They couldn't vote.

They couldn't participate in the political,

the cultural system, or the mainstay of the country.

They were denied fundamental rights,

and, of course,

the despite the fact that they would deny fundamental rights,

fundamental obligations were put upon them.

So we have a situation here where people were almost

stateless, and,

their rights were fundamentally denied.

And yet there were obligations put upon them.

So they had all the obligations and none of the rights.