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Principles of Organisation – 2.1
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Human Organisation – AQA (8461)
In this course, Dr Nicola Aberdein (Sheffield Hallam University) covers human organisation, covering topics 2.1 & 2.2.1-2.2.4 in the AQA Biology (9-1) Specification for Higher Tier. We start out (i) by going over the principle of organisation, including the layers of organisation as well as how organ systems facilitate exchange of nutrients; we then (ii) discuss the respiratory system where we break down the gross anatomy, its adaptation for gas exchange as well as breathing and ventilation; we then (iii) move on to the digestive system where we once again look at its anatomy, but then focus on the stomach, liver and large intestine in more detail; following this (iv) we take a deep dive into the chemistry of the food we digest; then (v) we look even deeper into how we digest our food on a biochemical level when discussing enzymes and how they work; following this (vi) we take a look at a different organ system, the cardiovascular system, discussing the heart and blood vessels; and finally (vii) we finish up by looking at the makeup of the blood and how cardiovascular disease can occur and how it can be treated.
Principles of Organisation – 2.1
In this first mini-lecture, we kick off the course by discussing the principles of human organisation. This begins with breaking down the various levels of organisation, from organelles to entire organ systems. We finish off by highlighting some of the vital characteristics of organ systems, and the importance of efficient exchange surfaces.
Hi. I'm Doctor. Nicola Aberdeen, and I'm a senior
00:00:05lecturer here Sheffield Hall University,
00:00:08and today in this series of mini lectures, we will be going
00:00:11through the organizing
00:00:15and exchange surfaces of different systems including the
00:00:17respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and the GI attract.
00:00:21The first mini lecture will talk about organization.
00:00:26Principles of organization
00:00:30start with organ else, the very smallest components of cells.
00:00:32So if you want to think about these as the furniture within your house,
00:00:35we've got lots of different types of organelles within
00:00:39cells and they all take on a specific role. So for example,
00:00:42we have the nucleus within the cell all the way up to the cell
00:00:46membrane. Is just like your fridge, your freezer, your
00:00:49sofas, even the bricks of the house.
00:00:52Following on from that,
00:00:56these organelles all contained within a cell,
00:00:57and the cell is the building block of all living things. So
00:01:00if you can imagine the cell is like the house contains all of
00:01:04these organelles,
00:01:08all of these different components that need to work together.
00:01:09Building these cells together, we end up with tissue
00:01:13Now tissues you can imagine is like all the houses on a street.
00:01:17We can have different types of cells linked together but
00:01:21predominantly they have the same purpose. Okay.
00:01:24We're all living in our houses.
00:01:27So the tissues a group of cells with very similar
00:01:29structure and function. And for example, in the GI tract, we
00:01:34glandular tissue and epithelial tissue that work together to
00:01:38support that exchange surface.
00:01:42Together,
00:01:46tissues come organs.
00:01:47And organs are made up of different tissues all working
00:01:49together to perform specific function.
00:01:53So if you can imagine with my analogy,
00:01:56we've got our street of houses, but in that neighborhood,
00:01:58there might be parks and shops and schools. So again, the
00:02:02organ requires all of these different tissues to work
00:02:07together for a specific function.
00:02:10And then overall we have the organ system.
00:02:13So organ systems,
00:02:17like the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system,
00:02:18work together in order to allow organisms like humans to
00:02:22function properly. So again,
00:02:26our neighborhood could be in a district or a city,
00:02:28and we have lots of neighborhoods,
00:02:32and those neighborhoods may have specific roles within that
00:02:33city. And again, that's where we have our organ systems
00:02:37working together for a specific function.
00:02:41The main purpose of these organ systems is generally to
00:02:45facilitate exchange.
00:02:49So the main purposes of an exchange surface is allowing
00:02:51the transport or the diffusion of metabolites, gases,
00:02:55solids and liquids across that surface. And some of the main properties
00:03:00of that exchange surface are to ensure that it has a really
00:03:05large surface area.
00:03:08The surface area needs to be thin to promote that diffusion,
00:03:11and it also has to be in close proximity to a blood supply. So
00:03:15if you're transporting gases or you're transporting nutrients,
00:03:19in order for them to get around the body,
00:03:24they need to be in close proximity to that blood supply.
00:03:27And they also have to be created by a concentration
00:03:31gradient. So as you know, most metabolites or gases travel
00:03:35down a concentration from an area of high concentration to
00:03:40an area of low concentration.
00:03:44And within the human body, is essential. We are too big. We
00:03:47have too small a surface area to volume ratio to
00:03:52allow diffusion of gases from the environment into our cells.
00:03:56So we need to have organ systems to facilitate that
00:04:01exchange just like we can't just soak up water in path into
00:04:04our skin to allow ourselves to to be able to function properly.
00:04:08We need to have systems placed to allow that exchange to happen.
00:04:12So we have, for example,
00:04:17and what we'll talk about today is the digestive system,
00:04:18the respiratory system, and the cardiovascular system,
00:04:21and how those exchanges take place.
00:04:24
Cite this Lecture
APA style
Aberdein, N. (2023, August 09). Human Organisation – AQA (8461) - Principles of Organisation – 2.1 [Video]. MASSOLIT. https://massolit.io/courses/human-organisation-aqa-8461
MLA style
Aberdein, N. "Human Organisation – AQA (8461) – Principles of Organisation – 2.1." MASSOLIT, uploaded by MASSOLIT, 15 Aug 2023, https://massolit.io/courses/human-organisation-aqa-8461