4. Models of the Universe

About this Lecture

Lecture

In this mini-lecture, we consider two important models of the Universe, the Big Bang Model and the Steady-State Model, put forth to explain the discoveries made by Edwin Hubble in the first half of the 20th century. As we move through this mini-lecture, we consider: (i) Edwin Hubble and his discovery that most galaxies are moving away from us and moving away faster the farther away they are; (ii) Hubble’s law, a linear relationship between an object’s speed and it’s distance from Earth; (iii) data from the Hubble Space Telescope that extends Hubble’s findings and confirms his law; (iii) an animation that illustrates an expanding Universe, where we see that the Earth is not situated in a special, central position; (iv) a comparison of the Big Bang Model and the Steady-State Model; (v) problems with the Steady-State Model; and (vi) the discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which supports the Big Bang Model.

Course

In this course, Dr Pete Edwards (Durham University) provides an epic exploration of the Universe. In the first mini-lecture, we compare gravity on Earth to gravity in space, such as on the Moon and in orbits around planets. In the second mini-lecture, we take a look at the telescopes that have helped us see what’s out there in the Universe, before delving into the big picture of where our galaxy sits within the Universe. The third mini-lecture turns towards how we can use light — specifically something called an emission spectrum and a process called redshift — to understand what gases and materials are in the Universe. In the fourth mini-lecture, we discuss two important models of the Universe, the Big Bang Model and the Steady-State Model, that were both put forth to explain the discoveries made by Edwin Hubble in the first half of the 20th century. In the fifth mini-lecture, we look at star formation and the life cycle of stars, which is highly dependent on the star’s mass, specifically going into detail on red giants, supernova, white and black dwarfs, neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes.

Lecturer

Dr Pete Edwards is the Director of Science Outreach and the Science and Society Officer at Durham University. He is also a member of Durham University’s Astronomy and Astrophysics group. As the Director of Science Outreach at Durham University, Dr Edwards has developed a range of teaching resources aimed at primary and secondary students and teachers. He has visited one in three secondary schools in the UK, where he has provided a programme of physics demonstrations and talks. As an elected fellow of the Institute of Physics (IOP), he has contributed to the Teaching Astronomy and Space DVD (2010-2019) produced by the IOP, as well as the IOP videos How Big is the Universe? (2012) and The Expanding Universe and the Big Bang (2012). In 2005, he was chosen to deliver the 2006 IoP Schools’ and Colleges’ Lecture. This talk, Gravity, Gas and Stardust, was broadcast across the UK to over 12,000 14-16 year old students. He has also worked with TED to create the TED-Ed video, What light can teach us about the universe (2014). Dr Edwards is also a qualified secondary school teacher, who taught science and mathematics in various schools and colleges during the 1980’s before obtaining his Ph.D. and joining Durham University in 1990.