The ‘Classical Phase’ of the Civil Rights Movement

The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Late 1940s to the Mid-1950s

The Grass Roots Battle for Racial Equality in the 1960s

Martin Luther King and the Birmingham and Selma Campaigns

Malcolm X, Watts, and the Emergence of Black Power

Black Power and the Changing African American Freedom Struggle

Origin Stories

The Price of Democracy

"Strong People Don't Need Strong Leaders"

Conclusion

How did liberals respond to the demands of the Black Power movement?

In what geopolitical context did apartheid emerge?

What role did Afrikaner nationalism play in establishing apartheid?

How did apartheid represent an intensification of existing segregation

What were the features of apartheid and how were they experienced?

How were pass laws implemented in the apartheid regime?

What role did Bantustans play in the apartheid regime?

What did early resistance to apartheid in South Africa look like?

How was apartheid legislated during the 1950s?

How was apartheid resisted during the 1950s?

How did the anti-apartheid movement develop after the Defiance Campaign?

What role did women play in the early anti-apartheid movement?

How was apartheid viewed globally?

How was the Group Areas Act implemented from 1950?

How was the Bantu Education Act implemented from 1953?

How did African culture develop in townships during the 1950s?

How did the period of segregation in South Africa differ from apartheid?

How was apartheid experienced in everyday life during the 1950s?

What was the international context in which apartheid was implemented?

How did conflict in the apartheid state lead to the Sharpeville massacre?

How did the Sharpeville massacre impact the anti-apartheid movement?

How did the National Party solidify control after the Sharpeville massacre?

How did the National Party present separate development as decolonisation?

How did African nationalism and anti-apartheid protest build during the 1950s?

How did radical politics in the African opposition develop from 1959-60?

How did apartheid South Africa cope with the decolonisation of the continent?

How did economic progress impact the apartheid regime?

How was apartheid resisted through African nationalism in the 1960s?