About the lecture

In this module, we examine the “untidy” origins of the Articles of Confederation and why it took so long for the States to ratify them. The Articles took five years to develop after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and were deliberately weak to allow for the States to act independently. There are three key reasons for why the Articles took so long to ratify: (i) Slave vs. Free States: could not agree on whether the enslaved should be counted for tax purposes; (ii) Equal vs. proportional representation: could not agree on whether votes should be split based on population or equally amongst the states; and (iii) The War for the West: could not agree on the settlement of the West.

About the lecturer

Woody Holton is Peter and Bonnie McCausland Professor of History at the University of South Carolina. He specialises in early American history, especially the American Revolution, with a focus on economic history, African Americans, Native Americans, and women. He is author of a number of books within these fields including Liberty is Sweet: The Hidden History of the American Revolution.